Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in The Things They Carried Essay

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, is a psychological disorder that involves extreme cases of anxiety. PTSD comes as a result of an individual’s experience of a highly distressing event wherein there was a threat of grievous physical harm and there was experience of intense psychological stress. An individual is diagnosed with PTSD based on the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR definitions. Diagnosis of PTSD   is given if an individual shows the following symptoms for a period of more than one month. First, the individual’s recurrent experience of the event after the actual occurrence perhaps through dreams, recollections, and experience of anxiety upon display of different items linked with the traumatic event. Second, the individual avoids or does not feel anything when presented with things and people that are emotionally linked to the traumatic event. This may also include feelings of being estranged from other people in the individuals’ surroundings. Third, the individual experiences a heightened sense of arousal thus probably causing sleeplessness, sudden bursts of emotion, hyper vigilance, and the like. And lastly, the individual find himself or herself unable to properly function in certain aspects of his or her life perhaps at work, at home, or in other social environments. The severity of the PTSD, whether acute or chronic, is assessed based on how long the given symptoms persist in the individual. An event which has come to be heavily associated with PTSD is war. A great number of literary pieces have been dedicated to this event and one such work is Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried. PTSD in relation to war is clearly seen in the different collections of stories compiled and written by Tim O’Brien in his book. One particular story found in the book that shows PTSD in the case of a war veteran is â€Å"Speaking of Courage†. The main character in this particular story is Norman Bowker. Symptoms of PTSD are clearly seen in his actions. Bowker is unmotivated, experiences confusion and mental chaos, feels estranged and isolated from others in his town and is also unable to obtain work. Social inhibitions that plague this character, which are clear signs of PTSD, are exemplified in his inability to properly order in a drive-thru restaurant. Instead of speaking through the intercom, he honks his horn at the waitress until he gets his order. He then proceeds to eat his food without moving his car and leaves only upon finishing his meal. (Examples of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in The Things They Carried; Tim O’Brien’s – The Things They Carried Eating Them Away) Bowker relives and is unable to move past the events of the war. He lives in a constant state of guilt because of his inability to prevent the death of his friend in Vietnam. The conclusion of Bowker’s story is suicide, an event that is not uncommon in cases of posttraumatic stress disorder. In the story â€Å"Stockings†, the main character named Henry Dobbins wrapped his girlfriend’s panty hose around his neck during battle supposedly as a good luck charm. He would also sleep with it against his face. Even after the war, when Dobbins and his girlfriend were no longer a couple, he still continued to sleep with and tie the stockings around his neck. Dobbins explains this act by the referral of the continued presence of the stocking’s magic. This shows an aspect of PTSD stated by the American Psychiatric Association in the DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR wherein an individual experiencing the disorder experiences reactivity to objects linked with the traumatic event. The Things They Carried was clearly written by O’Brien with a theme in mind. That theme involves the experiences of war veterans after surviving the war. That is to say that the book depicts the effects of the war on the soldiers and the various individuals who were involved. Tim O’Brien particularly focuses on the psychological effects that the events of the war has left. The lives of the soldiers characterized in the stories are clear examples of emotional baggage carried by survivors of the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jim Neilson states in his article The Truth in Things: Personal Trauma as Historical Amnesia in The Things They Carried, the recurring them of the horrors of war. The explicit descriptions of the incidents that the characters experienced in the story were the author’s way of communicating to the audience how such events could lead to anxiety, distress, disorder, and even insanity. Andrew Morgan also acknowledges that in reality, war veterans who experienced the Vietnam War still live with the guilt and fears induced by that experience. They carry these memories with them and are unable to lead the same lives they used to have before joining the war. These are what caused them to eventual experience of PTSD, to eventual insanity, and for some even to suicide.   Posttraumatic stress disorder is indeed a problem that plagues many war veterans today. It is encompassing in its scope and affects all aspects of the lives of those experiencing it. Tim O’Brien paints for us, in The Things They Carried, a clear picture of what PTSD is, what instances can lead to it, and the ugliness that it brings in its wake. Works Cited American Psychiatric Association. â€Å"DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)† 2000 BehaveNet.com 11 December 2007 â€Å"Examples of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in The Things They Carried.† 123HelpMe.com 11 December 2007 . Morgan, Andrew. â€Å"The Things They Carried† Angelfire29 April 2003 11 December 2007 < http://www.angelfire.com/ga4/project1/research%20papers.htm#Christopher%20Luke%20Corno>. Neilson, Jim. â€Å"The Truth in Things: Personal Trauma As Historical Amnesia in The Things They Carried† Fortune City 11 December 2007 . â€Å"Tim O’Brien’s-The Things They Carried Eating Them Away†   Studyworld 11 December 2007

The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn Acknowledgments

As always, an ocean of thanks to; My awesome family, for all their incomparable love and support. My talented and hawt publicist, Elizabeth Eulberg, for creating STEPHENIE MEYER out of the raw clay that was once just a mousy Steph. The whole team at Little, Brown Books for Young Readers for five years of enthusiasm, faith, support, and incredibly hard work. All the amazing site creators and administrators in the Twilight Saga online fandom; you people astound me with your coolness. My brilliant, beautiful fans, with your unparalleled good taste in books, music, and movies, for continuing to love me more than I deserve. The bookstores who have made this series a hit with their recommendations; all authors are indebted to you for your love of and passion for literature. The many bands and musicians that keep me motivated; did I mention Muse already? I did? Too bad. Muse, Muse, Muse†¦ New gratitude to: The best band-that-never-was: Nic and the Jens, featuring Shelly C. (Nicole Driggs, Jennifer Hancock, Jennifer Longman, and Shelly Colvin). Thanks for taking me under your collective wing, guys. I would be a shut-in without you. My long-distance pals and fonts of sanity, Cool Meghan Hibbett and Kimberly â€Å"Shazzer† Suchy. My peer support, Shannon Hale, for understanding everything, and for feeding my love of zombie humor. Makenna Jewell Lewis for the use of her name, and her mother, Heather, for her support of the Arizona Ballet. The new guys on my â€Å"writing inspiration† playlist: Interpol, Motion City Soundtrack, and Spoon. The phenomenon continues. . . . STEPHENIE MEYER

Analysis Of Foreign Direct Investment And Marketing Management

Foreign direct investment, marketing strategy, management of marketing operations , determinants of FDI, market access Foreign direct investment is the investment that is made by an organization or an individual in a specific country related to the interests in business in the other country. Foreign direct investment takes place when an organization plans to expand its operations in a different country or acquires business assets in a foreign country. Foreign direct investment is attracted by countries which have an open economy and offers skilled workforce to the organization. Foreign direct investments can be of three types which are, vertical, horizontal and conglomerate (Blonigen and Piger 2014). Foreign direct investment can be used by any organization as an international market strategy according to which they can invest in manufacturing or setting up a new factory in a different country. The definition of FDI is also related to the acquisition of interest related to a company in another country. The different ways by which the organization can enter a new market are, construction of facilities in a new market area, acquisitions and mergers, investment in joint venture which is located in a foreign area. Foreign direct investment is made by an organization so that they can access to closed markets which are limited by trade related barriers (Papadopoulos, Hamzaoui-Essoussi and El Banna 2016). The companies can take advantage of the lower costs related to production and labour in the new market areas of the country. This type of investment is important for many industries or companies which demand innovation and access to technology. Investments are made in different countri es so that the organization can enhance its competitive position in the industry (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). The conclusions that are presented in the study are of significance in the academic and practical fields. On one hand, this supports the development of the studies related to future research related to the marketing strategies developed after making investments in the foreign countries. On the other hand, the reasons that are related to the foreign investment related decisions of the organizations are also presented. This study will therefore help in analysing the foreign investments and the strategies related to marketing. Blonigen, B.A. and Piger, J., 2014. Determinants of foreign direct investment.  Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'à ©conomique,  47(3), pp.775-812. Olson, E.M., Slater, S.F., Hult, G.T.M. and Olson, K.M., 2018. The application of human resource   management policies within the marketing organization: The impact on business and marketing strategy implementation.  Industrial Marketing Management. Papadopoulos, N., Hamzaoui-Essoussi, L. and El Banna, A., 2016. Nation branding for foreign direct investment: an Integrative review and directions for research and strategy.  Journal of Product & Brand Management ,  25(7), pp.615-628. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015.  Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge.

One page background of the company Novartis ( include all the details Assignment

One page background of the company Novartis ( include all the details ) - Assignment Example its creation, Novartis as well as its parent companies have created and introduced a range of innovative medicines and products for consumers in general and patients in particular all over the world. The global headquarters of Novartis are located in Basel, Switzerland and the number of countries this company operates in is 140 (â€Å"About Novartis†). The businesses of Novartis are categorized into six different divisions of operation, namely Alcon, Pharmaceuticals, Sandoz, Corporate, Consumer, and Vaccines and Diagnostics. Alcon is for eye care whereas Sandoz is for generics. Consumer has two further divisions, namely Animal Health and Over-the-Counter. Novartis functions directly as well as through a number of subsidiaries in different countries across the globe, all of which lie in one of its divisions which are categorized by Novartis as fulfilling at least one of these functions; sales, holding or finance, research, and production. The mission of Novartis is cure and care. The company’s goal is to discover, formulate and introduce innovative products in the market successfully so that diseases can be prevented and cured, suffering of humanity can be eased, and the quality of life can be enhanced. In addition to that, Novartis also offers a shareholder return which shows wonderful performance and benefits the shareholders. Novartis also prepares drugs for the health and safety of animals, including pets as well as farming animals. â€Å"For pets, our products are effective aids to prevent internal and external parasites and treat ailments such as arthritic pain and kidney, heart and allergic diseases† (â€Å"Novartis Animal Health†). An in-depth analysis of the way Novartis sorts out data reveals the fact that the survival and success of Novartis can partly be attributed to the intelligent way in which the company sorts out data. The Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry lodged a complaint against Novartis Pharma K.K. complaining that the company’s

Difference and effect between chinese and american parenting Research Paper

Difference and effect between chinese and american parenting - Research Paper Example These two approaches are different but the same cannot be said of the effects that emanate from them. As puzzling as this may sound, the Americans who handle their children with gentleness and the Chinese who tend to be somewhat harsh eventually achieve a similar goal. According to Yates (p.3), the Chinese adapt to the culture of shaming and manipulating children and many times the children adapt to the environment. Similarly, the Americans apply their own tactic of encouraging a child even when there is evident disappointment. In both cases, the parents are aiming at the same goal, which is to improve the student, but applying differing tactics. Worth distinguishing at this point is that manipulative parenting is not similar to authoritarian since the latter tends to motivate a child with fear while the former with challenges. Whereas some have argued that children brought up through authoritarian tend to be well behaved, Porter (p.543) claims these children tend to be less-resourceful and poor self-image. The American parent hardly uses this approach but some Chinese parents have applied. Instead, it is recommended that parents apply either the authoritative or permissive. These two approaches allow parents to set standards for children but in the permissive case, the parent avoids enforcing the standards. An authoritative parent will set standards enforce them but portray a very high level of nurturing the child (Oreilly & Candida p.4). Upon failing to meet a certain task, a Chinese mother will most likely insult or deny the child perceived rights. In contrast, the American will give the child, appreciate first before commenting on the need to improve. A recent book by a renowned author, Amy Chua, seems to suggest that children tend to respond more to threats and denial of what they consider luxurious. The effect of this approach by the Chinese parent

Work Breakdown Structure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Work Breakdown Structure - Assignment Example The time frame for completing all activities at the terminal ends must be within the confines of one reporting period. If the activity may spill over to the next period, then it should be further subdivided. It is possible to contract out the terminal elements of work as single units of activities. For instance, all the activities in the above WBS can be contracted to specific individuals or groups. The terminal elements should represent work activities that realistically are not possible to break further (Miller 98). The Tree Structure Format was employed in developing the work breakdown structure. This is the commonly used format in presenting the WBS. The major advantage over other methods is that it is easy to understand just by taking a quick glance (Miller 109). Users can quickly be able to view the flow of work and what they are expected to do. The downside is that it may be difficult to create compared to others such as the Tabular Format. In project management, certain activities or whole project may spiral out of control and take longer than usual to complete. This may occur due to lack of proper planning of the scope of the project ahead of its implementation. This is referred to as the scope creep. IT projects are highly susceptible to scope creep. For example, FoxMeyer Drug, a large pharmaceutical company experienced scope creep on trying to install a multimillion IT system that would manage all critical operations. The scope of the project experienced a continuous growth until the costs became prohibitive (Schwalbe 209). The IT system also experienced billing errors. The cause of scope creep in this case was the lack of a clearly defined scope of work. There were no elaborate work limits during the initial stages of the project. Product testing could also have helped eliminate failures in the new system which resulted to errors (Schwalbe 210). Northrop Grumman, a manufacturing company experienced scope creep during implementation

Simulation Impact on Saudi Internship Nursing Students Essay

Simulation Impact on Saudi Internship Nursing Students - Essay Example There are different types of simulation in nursing including high, mid, and low fidelity simulations, and several organizations such as International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning (INACSL) support and improve simulation (Aebersold & Tschannen, 2013). Additionally, simulation allows educators to concentrate on their students’ performance rather than focus on patients’ safety and possible errors that could harm the patients (Sideras, McKenzie, Noone, Markle, Frazier, & Sullivan, 2013). In the contemporary age of rapid technological advancement, nursing education should follow this pedagogical strategy and provide the modern generation with high-quality education which would help them practice safely. Improving high fidelity simulation to create a suitable learning environment is particularly relevant in the contemporary age because technology is omnipresent and modern generation is really connected to technology. Cordeau (2010) mentioned that using simulation for undergraduate nursing students helps improve their thinking ability and practice and optimizes their ability to enhance and patients’ safety. High fidelity simulation helps the learners imagine real situations. This type of simulation has a lot of programming and monitoring to improve the teaching and learning experience for the instructors and learners respectively (Dunnington†¨, 2013). The revolution of technology solves a number of instructional problems such as insufficiency of educators a nd clinical placement, so the education and learning processes are improved with direct feedback and reduced tendency to cause errors (Partin, Payne, & Slemmons, 2011). Some hospitals in Saudi Arabia offer internship programs for nursing students to help them use their theoretical knowledge in practical situations. The limitation of clinical experience among the nursing students on

Company Law Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Company Law Master - Case Study Example The address of such place will have to be intimated to the Registrar of companies and Madona can find the address of the place from the registrar in case such a regulation has been made in this respect. However Madona should note that under the new provisions "A person seeking access to the register will have to give their name and address and state the purpose for which access is being requested and indicate whether the information will be disclosed. The company can apply to the court for an order that it does not have to comply with the request on the grounds that access is not sought for "a proper purpose"."3 Under the provisions of Section 113 (2) it is necessary for the companies having a share capital to incorporate in the register of members the shares held by each member, with the share numbers if any and also the class of shares where there is more than one class. Hence by the inspection of the register of members of Posh Cars Ltd, Madona may be able to find out the extent of Mr. Cowboy's holdings in the company. Section 353 (1) of the Companies Act 1985 allows the company to maintain the register of members in a place other than the registered office through a notification to this effect. ... However Madona should note that under the new provisions "A person seeking access to the register will have to give their name and address and state the purpose for which access is being requested and indicate whether the information will be disclosed. The company can apply to the court for an order that it does not have to comply with the request on the grounds that access is not sought for "a proper purpose"."3 1.2 Mr. Cowboy's Holdings in Posh Cars Ltd: Under the provisions of Section 113 (2) it is necessary for the companies having a share capital to incorporate in the register of members the shares held by each member, with the share numbers if any and also the class of shares where there is more than one class. Hence by the inspection of the register of members of Posh Cars Ltd, Madona may be able to find out the extent of Mr. Cowboy's holdings in the company. 1.3 Access to Register of Members in the case of a Plc: Section 353 (1) of the Companies Act 1985 allows the company to maintain the register of members in a place other than the registered office through a notification to this effect. However the Registrar will be informed of the address and location of the place where the register of members will be available for inspection. With the proposed amendments in the Companies Act 2006 "persons requesting to inspect or obtain a copy of a company's register will be required to submit a written request to the company, stating their name and address, the purpose for which the information is to be used and whether the information will be disclosed to any other person. It will then be up to the company to decide whether the stated purpose is 'proper' or 'improper' and either fulfil the request within five days or make an

Early Modern American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Early Modern American History - Essay Example In the 1840s, there was an explosive development in technology and networks infrastructures and communication, the telegrams, post offices and the printing industry. This paper provides an insightful analysis of the key economic and their significance in the early America republic. Economic modernization gained momentum with the increase in cotton crop, which was very profitable in the south region, as well as the textile, and machine making industry to the north region2. The transport infrastructure developed greatly which facilitate the development of other sector especially the economy. There were also many visitors who came from the Europe, which increased the number of the immigrants who settled in the country. The immigrants also played a major role in the economy establishment of the Early America. There was a civil war in the 1850s because of crisis over slavery despite the Whigs warning that annexation of Texas would lead to this. Evidently, the economy was the key factor in the development of the early American republic, in this paper the key trading activities have been highlighted and how they benefited the republic. Economic development is always one of the major factors for the growth of any nation. Even in the early nations, this factor played an important role in one way or another to the development of the nation. This is the major source of revenue for most countries, the revenue is in turn used to develop other sectors especially the infrastructure. The early America republic had really suffered after the war, with so many of its infrastructure destroyed during the war. In 1789, George Washington was elected the first president set a government structure which had various departments like treasury, treasury and war3. The government was very quick to reestablish its financial state and rapidly all the war debts that it had. It did this trough the new tariffs and taxes. Economic activities throughout the American

Week 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Week 9 - Essay Example This is very critical to the audit process. It has been combined with foundational concepts. However, I think that ethics it should be the only matter dealt with in this chapter. Since independence falls under this heading it should also be included. The importance of independence has been stressed in a number of instances and the lack of it has been blamed for a number of events. In relation to independence an auditor should never be required to give an opinion on his own work. If the same auditors are engaged in setting up internal controls inclusive of information controls they may be pressured by their colleagues against reporting on the discovery of major weakness. The auditor engaged in giving an opinion on how management has carried out their responsibilities and giving an opinion should not be engaged in any other activity with the entity. Therefore the standards need to go further in not allowing any other work whatsoever as it certainly will affect independence. This matter should be ted into threats and safeguards. The best safeguard is to quit. There will therefore be no consideration of some of the other matters which relating to the provision of non-audit services. In relation to quality control issues the additional requirement to include systems that address additional areas is a step in the right direction as all areas of an organization should be monitored as they affect the financial and other aspects and are therefore interrelated. If there is no proper leadership then the system of control will break down since management will be ineffective. In terms of the elimination of requirements already included in AICPA this will leave room for additional requirements to be added later. The additional guidance is important as it addresses the need for technical assistance. However, it might have been beneficial for those who prefer to find as much as possible in one place if the rules were not

The Blind Side Essay Example for Free

The Blind Side Essay ‘Our surroundings can be both threatening and comforting. Discuss in relation to the behaviour of Michael Oher in the film.’ Some settings we encounter in our lives are both familiar and dangerous to us. John Lee Hancock shows this particularly well through the character of Michael Oher in ‘The Blind Side’. Settings such as the Touhy house, the Christian school and the suburb of Hurt Village, where Michael’s mother lives, serve as examples of these contradictory places. Briarcrest Christian School is a place where Michael originally feels threatened, but becomes a place of comfort for him as the movie progresses. When he first moves to the school, Michael does not know anyone, and is daunted by the lack of diversity in the students. He does not seem to understand the work, or wish to do it, and his teachers do not try to help him. This is evident in his poem ‘White Walls’, which is found in the rubbish by one of his teachers. In his writing Michael outlines that â€Å"[he looks] and [he sees] white everywhere, white walls, white floors, and a lot of white people.† Here Hancock refers to Michael’s race and how lonely he feels at the school. Michael also says that he ‘[has] no idea of anything [the teachers] are talking about’ and that they ‘[expect him] to do the problems on [his] own’, implying that he is not confident with working independently. The scene where the teachers hear his poem is when things start to change. They realise that Michael needs help, and start to provide him with it; letting him take tests orally and giving him extra support. The teachers discover that ‘Michael Oher is not stupid’ and his grades start improving. This implies that he does want to learn, and is becoming more acclimatised to the work and school. Through his friendship with SJ, he becomes more socially accepted and school is no longer so lonely for him. As the film progresses, Michael grows to be comfortable at the school, and with his grade improvement, feels like he belongs with his peers. Another place Michael finds both comforting and threatening is the suburb where he grew up. He lived there with his mother during his early childhood, and yet ironically it is one of the places where Michael is most likely to be hurt. He feels a sense of duty to his mother, and returns to her despite.

Investigatory Project Essay Example for Free

Investigatory Project Essay INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study More people used to collect seashells for fun and for past time. They made decorations, jewelries and even accessories for a doll out of it. But don’t you know that aside from those things, seashell can also made into a much useful thing. We, the researchers are aware that education is the most powerful key for us to succeed. And to support this, we need some facilities and materials for us to make it easier and clearer. Of course, we know that we already have some modernized equipments, but still, for those hopeless countries and people who also want to be sent in school, even a worst facility matters. We, the researchers already have whiteboards that just need markers and projectors as the most modernized. But still, the origin of those is just a simple blackboard and a piece of chalk. So, we, the researchers, made some trials and errors from different raw materials to be made into a more durable chalk until to that moment that we have agreed and succeed in one of our trials, to make a chalk out of seashells. B. Statement of the Problem The price of almost all commercialized or local products continuously increasing and this is a big aspect to be considered in schooling. Some of the schools don’t have enough support from government and this thing bring difficulties for us students. C. Significance of the Study This study opens another way for us people to be able to save and make chalks that is much durable with long-lasting use that will take part in our study. The study was conducted as a remedy for the common problem of spending much in, and it also helps us to gain money when you make this as your business affair. We can also make some raw materials that we thought to be useless, transformed into a much useful and improved thing. D. Scope and Limitation This study is focused on designing and producing alternative chalks. It also deals with the assessment of its actual advantages as compared to some commercialized one. The qualities and quantities data obtained in the testing of the product against the control were limited to 3 tests only. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A seashell is the common name for a hard, protective outer layer, a shell, or in some cases a test, that was created by a sea creature, a marine organism. The shell is part of the body of a marine animal, in most cases the exoskeleton, usually that of an animal without a backbone, an invertebrate. The word seashell is often used to refer only to the shells of marine mollusks, i.e. mollusk shells, but it can also be used to mean the shells of a wide variety of marine animals from different phyla. For helpful introductory articles, see marine invertebrates and marine biology. Seashells are commonly found in beach drift, natural detritus deposited along strandlines on beaches by the waves and the tides. Shells are very often washed up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died, and the soft parts having rotted away or having been eaten by either predators or scavengers. Empty seashells are often found by beachcombers, and collecting these shells is a harmless hobby or study. However, the majority of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade. This type of exploitation can sometimes have a strong negative impact on the distribution of rarer species, and on local ecosystems. Many other kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons or shells which may,  after death, wash up on the beach and may be picked up by beachcombers; these include remains from species in other invertebrate phyla, such as the molted shells or exuviate of crabs and lobsters, the shells of barnacles, horseshoe crab shells, sea urchin and sand dollar tests, brachiopod shells, and the shells of marine annelid worms in the family Serpulidae, which create calcareous tubes. B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Some people considered seashell as useless in terms of reasonable things. And because of our research, this belief will now be changed to a bright side. For us, the researchers will prove that seashells are not useless but are significant ones. C. HYPOTHESES 1.) There is significance difference between our products, chalk from sea shells and the leading commercial one. 2.) There is significance difference between experimental chalk from sea shells and commercial one in terms of quality and durability. D. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1.) Seashells – is a hard, rigid outer layer, which has evolved in a very wide variety of different animals, including mollusks, sea urchins, crustaceans, turtles and tortoises, armadillos, etc. Scientific names for this type of structureinclude exoskeleton, armour, test, carapace, and peltidium. 2.) Cassava – A shrubby tropical American plant (Manihot esculenta) widely grown for its large, tuberous, starchy roots. The root of this plant, eaten as a staple food in the tropics only after leaching and drying to remove cyanide. Cassava starch is also the source of tapioca. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Equipment and Materials Seashells Cassava Mortar and pestle Grater Oven toaster Bowl Cloth B. Procedure 1. Collect sea shells from the sea shore or left-over shell viands, and cassava. 2. Pulverized the shells until it becomes fine as powder and set aside in a container. 3. Grate the cassava and squeeze its juice using cloth. Separate the liquid from its residue. 4. Mix the residue of the extracted cassava and the pulverized seashells. Add a small amount of water at the right ratio of the quantity of the mixture. 5. Mold the mixture into different shapes and sizes according to your desire. 6. Place it under the sun and wait until it dries up and is ready to be used. C. Data-gathering Instrument The physical characteristics of the chalk from sea shells was observed and compared to the chalk that was commercially processed. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS A. Data and Findings Table1. Physical Characteristics of the Chalk made from seashells. Table 1 shows the Physical characteristics of the experimental and commercial chalk. It shows that they have different characteristics in terms of hardness but are both rough in terms of its texture. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Summary The research was designed by crushing the seashells, which is the main source of the product, and which it can be a useful and eco-friendly product and can contribute excellently to our sobbing community. Through hard research, we, the researchers studied the characteristics of the main source, which is  seashell, and we analyzed that It can be a great specimen in our investigatory project. We have done several experiments which lead the researchers into a victorious ending in the said project. Conclusion On the experiment conducted to produce a fine product from seashell, we, the researchers discovered the characteristics of the seashells which have specific properties and structures. We discovered that it is one of the stepping stones of the success of the product in which it is commercially comparable to any commercial products that are the same with us, if there are any, in terms of quality and durability. Recommendation Through hard, decisive, several experiments, the researchers have conquered an amazing product that has a good quality. We highly recommend using our own original finished product, made from seashells, because aside from its cheapness, it is also easier to produce, eco-friendly, recyclable and has the potential to make our study easier and clearer. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.www.google.com.ph 2.www.dictionary.reference.com

Challenges Of The Indian Textile Industry Marketing Essay

Challenges Of The Indian Textile Industry Marketing Essay Scale: Indian Textile Industry is highly fragmented Industry that is lead by several small-scale industries. Because of this, there is lack of Industry Leadership. These small companies do not have fiscal resources to invest in technological up-gradation and they are not able to generate economies of scale. This leads to inability to establish a world-class competitive player. All the sectors except spinning face the problem of scale. India has very few large firms and other firms are generally smaller than their Chinese or Thai counterparts. Some of the Chinese large firms have 1.5 times higher spinning capacity, 1.25 times denim (and 2 times gray fabric) capacity and about 6 times more revenue in garment than their counterparts in India  [1]  which in turn gave an effect on the overall cost distribution along with the ability to attract customers with big orders. No of Exporters Source: CRISIL Skill and Labor productivity: Though Industry has cheap and skilled manpower but they are less productive comparative to other south Asian countries. Low Labor productivity due to lack of skills and modernized infrastructure is making Indian textile industry less productive than other competitor nations. An Industry and Regional Perspective Source: Economics Program Working Paper Series: The Cost Competitiveness of the Manufacturing Sector in China and India (Bart van Ark, Abdul Azeez Erumban, Vivian Chen, Utsav Kumar) Along with the labor productivity issues three other issues are of important consideration: (a) there is a lack of technical manpower -there are only 30 programmes at graduate engineering (including diploma) levels graduating nearly 1000 students this number is insufficient for bringing about significant technological change in the textile sector; (b) Investment by Indian firms for training of its existing workforce is very limited and the skills are confined to already existing processes; (c) there is serious dearth of trained operators and supervisors in India. It is expected that Indian firms will have to invest close to Rs. 1400 bn by year 2010 to increase its global trade to $ 50 bn. This kind of investment would require about 70,000 supervisors and 1.05mn operators in the textile sector and at least 112,000 supervisors and 2.8mn operators in the apparel sector (assuming a 80:20 ratio of investment between textiles and apparel).  [2]  In this situation the real bottleneck t o growth is going to be availability of skilled manpower. Poor Infrastructure: Technological Obsolescence and low degree of modernization in various steps of value chain affects the quality, cost and distribution. The general trend in the country is to go for second hand and outdated looms thus resulting in lower productivity and quality. Raw material from power looms and handloom is of low quality. Though India is a hub of IT services, they are not effectively implemented in textile sector to improve the productivity 1.png Inadequate Research Development and Lack of Technology Upgradation: Government of India has done significant investment in various schemes and other programmes for the growth and development of the industry. It launched Technology up gradation fund scheme in 1999 and issues Rs 916 bn for technology upgradation. However TUFS have not benefited all the segments of the Textile Value Chain -large parts of the funds have gone to the relatively healthier spinning sector. 2.png Low FDI: Lack of scale and the fragmented nature of industry have discouraged mega investments in the Indian textile industry. Unattractiveness of the industry has resulted in abysmal FDI inflows, despite 100% FDI being allowed under the automatic route. These drawbacks created a hurdle to make industry more competitive on the global basis. Legacy of government policy: Government followed protectionist policy for handlooms (labour-intensive and seen as a means to sustain employment) vis-à  -vis power looms mills. India had antiquated labour laws. The companies have often broken their business down into small units to avoid any trouble created by labor unionization. India also maintained capacity restrictions for a long time because government wanted to incentivize Small-scale industries. The Land and urbanization laws resulted in closure of urban mills and lack of import subsidies on advanced machinery resulted on limited technology advancement. Lack of Trade membership: India is serious lacking in trade pact memberships, which leads to restricted access to the other major markets. This issue made others to impose quota and duty, which put scissors on the sourcing quantities from India. High Power Tariff: After raw material, power cost is the most significant cost in the whole supply chain. High power cost and erratic supply hampers the production in India. High Cycle time for garments: Cycle time is the key factor in determining the competitiveness of a firm. It has a direct impact on both price and delivery schedule. Cycle time reduction is strongly correlated with high first pass yield, high throughput times, low variability in process times, low WIP and consequently cost. Currently Indian firms have high lead times and they must reduce their cycle times across the entire supply chain.   The average lead time in manufacturing and delivery sums to around 45-60 days from fabric buying to shipment of apparels. It can also get extended to 80 days. The mean delay in exporting finished garments from India after procurement of raw materials is estimated to be 15.5 days. The shelf life of products driven by fashion is merely 45 days therefore, such delays are indefensible. In contrast Turkey completes entire task ranging from approval of design to delivery in warehouse in a flat 30 days cycle  [3]  . Turkey also has the strategic advan tage of being located close to EU markets and positive liberal political conditions. Customs must provide a turnaround time of  ½ day for an order if we expect Indian firms to become part of larger global supply chains. Indian textile firms must enforce a deployment of industrial engineering with specific importance on cellular manufacturing, JIT and statistical process control to minimize lead times on shop floors. Usage of IT for increasing the productivity is also low in this sector. Indo French Collaboration Machinery: The French textile machinery Manufacturers has established a firm foothold on the international markets for many years. France is the European Unions third largest exporter of textile machinery and the sixth largest in the world. More than one hundred countries have chosen them as their partners to whom they export 90% of their national production. They are a dynamic group of companies who created years ago a private professional Association UCMTF (French Association of Textile Machinery Manufacturers), whose aim is the promotion of the French machines and French companies. The specialized sectors of the French textile machinery industry are: Spinning preparation machinery Long fibre spinning machinery Fibre opening, fibre blending machinery, textile waste recovery Cards Nonwovens manufacturing line Such expertise if augmented with Indian government support can help the issues associated with poor infrastructure and machinery resulting in poor quality of fabric and thus increase the competitiveness of Indian textile in global market. The French textile machinery manufacturers also realized the importance of the Indian textile industry. They invited the Indian textile producers to a series the Indo-French seminar French Technology to Boost the Indian Textile Industrys Competitiveness which were held in Mumbai and Ludhiana on 20th and 23rd April 2010 respectively. The aim of this seminar was to regularly facilitate direct contacts between the Indian textile producers and the top management of the French machinery producers. In words of Mrs Evelyne Cholet, the Secretary General of UCMTF- Organization of such seminars in India is very important at present especially when the Indian Government realizes the importance of new investments in textile machinery to stimulate this strategic sector. The technical textiles sector for which France has an expertise is another sector which has great potential in India This endeavor is supported by Indian government as these seminars were held under the patronage of the office of the Textile Commissioner Ministry of Textiles and Government of India. The French Trade Commission of the Embassy of France in India, Ubifrance (Frances agency for the international development of French companies) and the French Textile Machinery Manufacturers Association (UCMTF) were co-organizers of the seminars. Technical Textile: India is at the threshold of technical textile development, which is set to play a huge role in the development of the countrys various facilities, thus offering the greatest growth potential in this sector. Owing to the rise in demand for value added textile products in the developed nations, the technical textile industry is said to grow around 4 5 percent. According to the recent research by the Textiles Committee, the technical textile industry in India is expected to grow at a rate of 11% anually and reach a size of around $14 billion by 2012. The current size of the market is little less than $8 billion and the projected investment in this sector is around $1000 million. Technical textiles correspond to a multi-disciplinary field with different applications in numerous fields such as medicine, aerospace sports, defence, agriculture and construction. France has already developed expertise in this segment. In France, the technical textile industry comprises nearly 600 companies, consisting of very small businesses, numerous SMEs and big groups alike. Some twenty trades are represented, from fibre production and spinning through to clothes-making and assembly, and cover 12 sectors of application. This type of material is regularly used in widely varying fields such as packaging, protection and safety, clothing, construction, transport, the environment and the medical sector. All these mutually complementary companies work within a network of technical centres, laboratories, universities, competitiveness clusters and professional associations. Their excellence is recognized far beyond the borders of France. Indian manufactures can learn a lot from French technologies and products in technical textile segment. In order to facilitate this learning Techtextil India International Trade Fair for Technical Textiles and Nonwovens is organized where pavilions from Germany, Frnace and Italy present their latest innovations. The objective of the fair is to achieve a future oriented perspective and practical technical information in a range of presentations and discussions specially formulated for the high potential Indian market. Techtextil India is supported by the Office of the Textile Commissioner of the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. In words of Mr. Dayanidhi Maran, Union Textiles Minister, present at Techtextil 2009- The technical textile industry has a high potential to attract investments worth $1.03 billion and generate around 3,00,000 additional employment by 2012. Since India has highly-skilled manpower and abundant availability of raw material, it can emerge as a key player in the technical textiles industry Innovation through Competitive pole: In order to improve the highly fragmented textile industry of India the French model of competitive poles can be applied. Since French textile industry is a mature sector, innovation is the key factor driving the industry. The French textile industry has been re-organised in the past few years in order to respond to the current innovation and technology creation needs. In 2004, the  «Ã‚  Pà ´les de Compà ©titività ©Ã‚  Ã‚ » (Competitive Poles) were put in place to respond to this need. These poles are associations that group enterprises, research centres, and public and private training institutions. The objective of these poles is to create the environment to the economical renewing of the regions by implementing new products and services. Innovation is, therefore, in the centre of the competitive poles. There are in France now 71 poles spread across the country. The programmes of the poles are financed by the government, by 1.5bn EUR each year in total (including all industries and activities), but local authorities and associations also contribute to the financing. The competitive pole is organized under 2 main axis: Technical textiles Customization of clothing textiles The Lile region is a key example of the competitive pole approach. Nowadays, more than 50 % of the textile engineer in France are graduated in the metropolitan area of Lille Mà ©tropole at lENSAIT and HEI. Technical trainings are also available at the ESAAT. The UP-tex is the pole dedicated to the textile, technical and traditional (clothing), that is located in the metropolitan area of Lile. The UP-tex works as an association of enterprises, research centres, and centres dedicated to technology transference. Its ambition is to become the European reference in terms of advanced textile materials, polysensoriality and design and mass customisation. Furthermore, the labelling of the competitive pole UP-tex has also contributed to the reinforcement of Liles position as a reference in terms of innovative and clothing textiles. The UP-tex has as objectives: Develop the project of the  «Ã‚  customized enterprise  Ã‚ », in order to create a new value chain to the textile  / clothing branch Promote the national and international plan of the high-performance textile regional pole, its economic network (through the CLUBTEX) and its scientific competences Create basis for the emergence of an European technological platform through the creation of the CETI (French  : Centre Europà ©en du Textile Innovant, English: European centre of the Innovative textile) Support the research projects by the attribution of labels to selected projects Further develop innovation in the textile and clothing industry CLUBTEX, which is the association of local industrials to promote innovation in technical textiles, is key element to the success of the Lile textile pole. The association is grouping, nowadays, 58 industrial, 1 union and 6 training and researching centres, all with one common objective to create innovation through the mutualisation of resources. The industries participating in CLUBTEX produce under the SPL (SPL  : French for Systà ¨me Productif Local , in English  : Local Production System) District Textiles Techniques label, which helps on the identification and differentiation of the products towards the customers. Recommendations Government Initiatives: Government can take actions under the following heads for improving the textile industry: Flexibility of contract labor law: Labor Laws should be more liberalized and made favorable that will help to make labor more productive. Textile industry should be exempted from contract labor law Better implementation of TUF: Government should focus on providing uniform disbursement of incentives through TUF Attracting FDIs: Government should provide tax incentives to attract FDI to make it more competitive in global marketplace. Establish integrated textile parks. Allow more Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Garment Retailing to enable large, modern retail showrooms to set up shops in India which will promote local sourcing and will result in better production Encourage Private Sector for Partnership collaboration Develop supporting Industry: Develop textile machinery industry (currently 70% of textile machinery is imported. Faster port clearance and cheaper transport Skill development Initiatives: Set up skill development centers. More Training centers should be opened to train the workforce and awareness of new technology and trends should be increased among manpower. Collaboration with Institute like SITRA (South India Textile Research Association) for labor skill development Reduce power tariff, encourage renewable sources of energy through government subsidy, reduce interest rates and transaction costs. Setting up of quality checking laboratories to ensure global competitiveness Apparel park to promote exports: In National Textile Policy 2000 government established Apparel International Mart: Apparel Export Promotion Council has constructed an Apparel International Mart (AIM) at Gurgaon to provide showrooms on lease and license basis to the established exporters to showcase their products Aid to agriculture industry to improve the availability, productivity and quality of Raw Material: In National Textile Policy 2000 government implemented Cotton Technology Mission: To improve the performance of Cotton sector through improvement in Research Development, quality and productivity of products. The Govt. of India is aimed to increase production of cotton by 50% with improved quality and productivity Firm level Initiatives Companies should improve the productivity at firm level to develop economies of scale: Up-grading technology: Form JVs with global players for technology up-gradation and scale Implementing TQM: ensure waste minimization, product durability and reliability. Lean manufacturing: optimized distribution network and supply chain management to attain reduced cycle time Use of IT services In-house skill development program Apparel Industry Landscape Global Textile and Apparel trade is recovering after a slump during the economic recession in 2008-09, and is expected to reach US$ 1 Trillion by 2020 from the current US$ 510 Bn. The growth in trade is driven by increased outsourcing of western / developed countries towards lower cost countries in Asia. Indias Textile Apparel industry (domestic + exports) is expected to grow from the current US$ 70 bn to US$ 220 bn by 2020. The Indian domestic Textile and Apparel market size in 2009 was US$ 47 bn and is expected to grow @ 11% CAGR to reach US$ 140 Bn by 2020 Domestic Apparel retail market was worth US$33 Bn in 2009 and is expected to reach US$ 100 Bn by 2020. Export Sector: Indias exports have also recovered in 2009-10 following increased global demand and is currently worth US$ 23.5 Bn. Indian apparel exports have also grown by a CAGR of 11.7% in last 4 years. The export market includes readymade garments of cotton, man made, silk, wool and other textile materials with cotton products accounting for the major share. India has the potential to increase its export share in world trade from the current 4.5% to 8% and reach US$ 80 Bn by 2020. India has the potential of this strong growth in exports because of increased sourcing shift from developed countries to Asia. Indias also possess different strengths which makes it a suitable alternative to China for global buyers. In terms of financial returns, Apparel is the most attractive product category amongst retail product categories both in terms of Returns on Capital Employed and EBITDA. Garmenting Technical Textiles are the most attractive segments within the Apparel value chain in terms o f ROA and EBITDA. According to KPMG research investments upto US$ 68 Bn will be required by 2020 across the Textile supply chain to tap the potential market generated by the growth of textile industry. Investment required in garment sector by 2020 is to the tune of US$ 14 Bn and for processing is US$ 19 Bn. Apparel Industry: However Indian Apparel Industry is a small scale sector with high degree of fragmentation. Apparel manufacturing has about 77,000 small scale units classified as domestic manufacturers, manufacturer exporters and fabricators. Due to low entry barrier, garments industry is the least capital intensive part of textiles value chain, leading to high fragmentation. There are around 8200 registered apparel exporters in India. The turnover of 4800 exporters is less than 5 million INR which indicates the high level of fragmentation. Apparel Retailing: A huge chunk of apparel market is contributed by urban segment. Majority of this urban segment stays in few selected cities where organized retail is preferred mode of shopping thus organized retail plays a very important role in domestic apparel consumption. Total apparel and fashion accessories retail market was worth Rs.80,000 crore in 2004, which grew by 11% each year till 2006. Although organized retails chains and exclusive brand outlets are gaining momentum, traditional retailers and MBOs still dominate apparel retailing. One of the key factors for the huge growth is due to expansion by apparel brands and retailers to small but potential cities. Many global brands like Marks Spencer are getting established in India by franchisee route. Malls are expected to be one of the main drivers for growth of apparel retailing, as they provide large areas. Mens Apparel: Man apparel stands at $ 8.1bn in 2007 with a market share of 42% of total apparel market. It is expected to see high growth in near future but % share will decrease due to growth in other segments.In 2007 men apparel industry was mainly dominated by shirts accounting for 36.5% of total men segement. The established key players are Arvind mills, Madura Garment, Westside, shoppers stop and Pantaoon. Levis Strauss is the major newcomer in the same segment. Women Apparel: women apparel stands at $ 6.7bn in 2007 with a market share of 34% of total apparel market. It is expected to grow till 11bn by 2009. Some of the important changiing trends observed in this segment are Liberalization of casual wear in the office is increasing the ready to wear market Working women demand western or indo-western outfits that last in fashion and quality Saree have the higest share but trouser and skirts are growing rapidly due to changing social trends From 2002 to 2007 saree demand has shown a CAGR of 12.8% whereas Trouser and skirts have shown CAGR of 34% 1.png Kid Apparel: Kid apparel is the smallest segment of $ 4.7 bn. Licensing interntional kids apparel is a successful strategy to capture the premium market. Some popular brands in same category are Disney, Barbie etc. This segment have very little brand penetration of 5-8% but it is expected to grow at 15-20% A comparitive analysis of all segments with their expected growth is shown below: Key growth drivers for the textile and apparel Industry are : Growth in organized retailing at 41% CAGR. Increasing number of working women. Increasing household income Changing demographics Affinity for brands and better shopping experience Profile of French brands: High end/ Luxury Brands Products coverage Gender targeted Target Customer Marketing strategy Product Strategy Hermà ¨s Clothing accessories Male/Female High-end/ rich population of all ages Exclusivity is the key word. Products are very Expensive and often perceived as durable goods (can be passed from mother to daughter) Overbuying is discoraged: clients do not have the right to by more than a X number of items per collection Very high-quality, often hand-made by specialized artisans; eg. leather goods often produced by experts in Italy. Each maison has its Flagship products, that remain unchanged, or are slightly updated across collections. Pret-a-porter collections are innovative and trend-setter for the rest of the clothing industry LVMH Louis Vuitton Clothing accessories Male/Female High-end/ rich population of all ages Channel Clothing accessories Female High-end/ rich population of all ages LVMH Dior Clothing accessories Male/Female High-end/ rich population of all ages Chloà © Clothing accessories Female High-end/ rich population of all ages Yves Saint Laurent Clothing accessories Male/Female High-end/ rich population of all ages Lanvin Clothing accessories Male/Female High-end/ rich population of all ages LVMH Givenchy Clothing accessories Female High-end/ rich population of all ages Maison Martin Margiela Clothing accessories Male/Female High-end/ rich population of all ages Premium/ Middle Product Coverage Gender Targeted Target Customer Marketing Strategy Products Strategy Isabel Marant Clothing accessories Female Mid 30s/ Early 40s Targets are high-end of medium class, that cannot afford luxe but wants to buy the best product they can afford. Price sensibility is not to be neglected. Brand strengh based on notoriety, string communication campaigns and sales to clean stocks. New trend is the affiliated-brand strategy, such as Athà © and Etoile, by respectivelly V.Bruno and I.Marant, that target at different age ranges as a way to maximise sales Fit and Design are the key words. Quality is important, but not overvalued as for luxe products. Some brands will have a few flagship products, but as general rule the collections are completely renovated each season Vanessa Bruno Clothing accessories Female Mid 30s/ Early 40s Carven Clothing accessories Male / Female Mid 30s/ Early 40s De Fursac Clothing accessories Male Late 30s/ Late 40s Jacadi Clothing accessories Children 0 to 8y +/- Bonpoint Clothing accessories Children 0 to 8y +/- Gerard Darel Clothing accessories Female Mid 30s/ Early 40s Agnà ©s Clothing accessories Female Mid 30s/ Early 40s Claudine Pierrot Clothing accessories Female Mid 30s/ Early 40s Manoush Clothing accessories Female Late 20s/ Early 30s Maje Clothing accessories Female Late 20s/ Early 30s Zadig Voltaire Clothing accessories Children/ Male / Female Late 20s/ Early 30s Ba Sh Clothing accessories Female Late 20s/ Early 30s Sandro Clothing accessories Female Late 20s/ Early 30s Les Petites Clothing accessories Children/ Female Late 20s/ Early 30s Comptoir des Cotoniers Clothing accessories Children/ Female Late 20s/ Early 30s Athà © Vanessa Bruno Clothing accessories Female Late 20s/ Early 30s Etoile Isabel Marant Clothing accessories Female Late 20s/ Early 30s Kooples Clothing accessories Male / Female Whole 20s Berenice Clothing accessories Male / Female Late 20s/ Early 30s Bel Air Clothing accessories Female Whole 20s Middle/Low range Product Coverage Gender Targeted Target Customer Marketing Strategy Products Strategy Zara (Spanish) Clothing accessories Female Mid 30s/ Early 40s Disposable Fashion. Easy-to-wear collection hits, constantly renovated (short collections) Design Disposable fashion. Quality is not perceived as key product attribute. Products are often produced outside Europe Mango (Spanish) Clothing accessories Female Mid 30s/ Early 40s H M (UK) Clothing accessories Female Mid 30s/ Early 40s Naf Naf Clothing accessories Female Late 20s/ Early 30s Sud Express Clothing accessories Female Late 20s/ Early 30s PROMOD Clothing accessories Female Late 20s/ Early 30s Etam Clothing accessories Female Various Middle/Low range Product Coverage Gender Targeted Target Customer Marketing Strategy Products Strategy Uniqlo (Japan) Clothing accessories Male/ female Families looking for basic items with average quality and good price Long-lasting collections, not really fashion-driven (does not follow trends). Good value for money Le Petit Bateau Clothing accessories Children/ Female French brand in India: Based on the consumption profile we can see that women segment is the fastest growing segment and also the share of formal wear like trousers and skirts is increasing due to increasing number of working women in the society. Thus a French brand targeting female consumers in the age range of Late 20s/Early 30s will be best suited for India. Though the disposable income is increasing, the target group of women is highly value conscious hence Premium/Middle or Middle/Low class brand will perform better than the luxury brands. Also the segment purchasing luxury brands is although growing but currently too small to target. Important Parameters to consider while entering India Positioning: The most important part is the positioning in the Indian consumer mind-space. Smart casual positions are taken in by the brand such as ColorPlus, Dockers and Canary Blue. Design wear are gone with square-1 mall and Kimaya, Kazo and individual designer having their stand alone store. Any positioning below that is lapped up by Zillions of manufacturers. However there are still wide open gaps which lie agape between these broad categories which can be easily targeted. Also Indian consumers show an affinity for foreign brands as it is considered a proxy for status. Therefore even the Indian Manufactures like ITC, Madura garment give exotic names to their brands for eg John Players, Allen Solly. Location: The location is the key to the positioning, it determines and in turns reinforces positioning; in fact, with about 50% of the operational expenses are taken up by the rentals, it has assumed an even more important position. Exclusive showrooms at a high end street or space in well reputed mall are the two options for establishing a high end brand. Buying vs. Manufacturing: It is very important decision for the fore

Children At Work :: Essays Papers

Children At Work Autonomy, Responsibility and Child Labor-Introduction and Conclusion Child labor has recently become a very touchy subject throughout the world. Well known corporations and clothing and sporting goods distributors that have for decades been taking advantage of cheap labor in third world countries are seeing their names and images tarnished by allegations of child labor practices and obscene working conditions. Child labor is nothing new to the world. It has been a part of almost every society in recorded history. From ancient times, children have been a part of the economic survival of their families, particularly in industries like the farming and crafting industries. What remains confusing is the exact definition that separates child labor from just children doing work. Child labor is meant to define unfair, abusive work whereas work is an important part of the sculpting of most children. There is no question in society that some forms of labor are acceptable and some are not. Children may work without being abused and in many countries and even some American cultures, it is both necessary and integral that children perform some laborious duties. The line between work and child labor is most commonly drawn where normal tasks are replaced with exploitative tasks and children are expected to do things that go well beyond the borders of inhumane. An example of this overstepping the boundaries is the following text taken from an actual court case in 1833 following an investigation into the practice of child labor during the British industrial revolution: "Have you ever been employed in a factory? --Yes" "At what age did you first go to work in one? --Eight" "How long did you continue in the occupation? --Four years" "Will you state the hours of labour at the period when you first went to the factory, in ordinary times? --From 6 in the morning to 8 at night." "Fourteen hours? --yes" "With what intervals for refreshment and rest? -- An hour at noon." "When Trade was brisk what were your hours?--From 5 in the morning to 9 in the evening" "Sixteen hours? --Yes" "With what intervals at dinner? --An hour" "During those long hours of labor could you be punctual, how did you awake?-- I seldom did awake spontaneously; I was most generally awoke or lifted out of bed, sometimes asleep, by my parents.

The Darkness of Edwin A. Abbotts Flatland Essay -- Abbott Flatland E

The Darkness of Flatland            Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The golden sand sparkles in the brilliant sunlight. The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   radiant beams hit the calm waves which magnify the fervent light.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Content and overjoyed, many birds fly high overhead. On the      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  beach, an annoying crab approaches an ostrich, coercing the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grounded bird to hide its head in a hole in the sand.   Paralyzed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   with fear, the mammoth bird, although huge in comparison to the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   attacking crab, buries its head in the cold, wet sand, hoping   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that the feeble but ominous assailant will leave.   Comfortable   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   with its dreary hiding place, the large, awkward bird remains   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   buried its entire life, never experiencing the comforting life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   which the light produces. Because the bird is intimidated by this   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   minuscule but threatening crab, the never-ending cycle of fear   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   continues.   Much like this frightened bird and the citizens of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flatland, humans prefe... ...nbsp;   ideas. Often, leaders fear irregulars because they speak the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   truth. Arthur, a   born-again irregular through his experiences,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   tells of a new way of living and striving to live   right and not   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to fear the unknown, but to bring it into the open, explore it,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and to learn from it.   They will always rely on logic and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   tradition, ignoring faith and ideas based not on fact. Flatland   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   will remain without light forever.            Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     

Political Parties Essay -- essays research papers

The Labor Party The labor Party is made up of men and women who do and do not have jobs. They believe themselves to be the keepers of the American dream, providing opportunity and justice. They believe that every American has the right to a decent paying job and a good place to live, that by joining the union there should be no fear of getting fired, to free, quality public education for themselves and their children, to universal access to publicly fund, comprehensive, quality health care for all residents. 5 issues that the Labor Party supports: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guarantee Everyone a Job at a Living Wage- They believe that Corporate America and the rich and powerful and taking millions of jobs for other people. At this point the labor party believes that there are no longer enough jobs to go around. They feel that there needs to be a right to a lining wage job that pays above poverty level wages and is able to go up. They believe that this should be written into the Constitution. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pay laid-off workers- when a large corporation lays off a worker, the value of their stocks goes up. It is also proven that in family with a laid off worker, they experience increases in illness and social problems. On this issue they feel that if a worker is laid off, the company or corporation that they had worked for should pay the salary for every year that they had worked for them. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An injury to one is a injury to all- states that the labor party enforces full rights to all, they are fighting to make sure that women are paid the same that men are. They believe that it does not always only hurt the women being paid less, but the nation as a whole. At the moment this party is starting anti-discrimination programs to stop all unfairness, whether it be race, sex, or heritage. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Universal access to health care- Because health care is one of the most important things in the United States today, the Labor Party is annotating that it too does not treat people fairly. Health care is a very large issue because without it people are more prone to becoming ill or sick. Eighteen percent of Americans who are working full time do not have health insurance. The labor Party is strongly pushing for all American to have health insurance. They believe that whether or not a family is makin... ... force fighting against rip off schemes by big business. Food co ops, free health clinics, and community newspapers have had long lives after being established by the PFP. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socialist Economy- industries, financial institutions, and natural resources are owned by the people as a whole and democratically managed by the people who work in them and use them. This would be a big change from the present corporate capitalist economy. The richest 1% of the population has half of all privately owned stock in U.S. corporations and controls most of theinstitutional stock. They control the policies of business, government, and the media. The capitalist economy starts out with competition for personal profit and ends up with huge monopolies which waste resources. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capitalist Economy- They don't care if they endanger the planet by making useless or even harmful products, so long as they make money. Under capitalism, millions of people are jobless, homeless, often hungry, and without proper medical care. Even those with decent jobs live with the fear of war, nuclear destruction, and environmental pollution of our food, air and water. Political Parties Essay -- essays research papers The Labor Party The labor Party is made up of men and women who do and do not have jobs. They believe themselves to be the keepers of the American dream, providing opportunity and justice. They believe that every American has the right to a decent paying job and a good place to live, that by joining the union there should be no fear of getting fired, to free, quality public education for themselves and their children, to universal access to publicly fund, comprehensive, quality health care for all residents. 5 issues that the Labor Party supports: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guarantee Everyone a Job at a Living Wage- They believe that Corporate America and the rich and powerful and taking millions of jobs for other people. At this point the labor party believes that there are no longer enough jobs to go around. They feel that there needs to be a right to a lining wage job that pays above poverty level wages and is able to go up. They believe that this should be written into the Constitution. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pay laid-off workers- when a large corporation lays off a worker, the value of their stocks goes up. It is also proven that in family with a laid off worker, they experience increases in illness and social problems. On this issue they feel that if a worker is laid off, the company or corporation that they had worked for should pay the salary for every year that they had worked for them. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An injury to one is a injury to all- states that the labor party enforces full rights to all, they are fighting to make sure that women are paid the same that men are. They believe that it does not always only hurt the women being paid less, but the nation as a whole. At the moment this party is starting anti-discrimination programs to stop all unfairness, whether it be race, sex, or heritage. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Universal access to health care- Because health care is one of the most important things in the United States today, the Labor Party is annotating that it too does not treat people fairly. Health care is a very large issue because without it people are more prone to becoming ill or sick. Eighteen percent of Americans who are working full time do not have health insurance. The labor Party is strongly pushing for all American to have health insurance. They believe that whether or not a family is makin... ... force fighting against rip off schemes by big business. Food co ops, free health clinics, and community newspapers have had long lives after being established by the PFP. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socialist Economy- industries, financial institutions, and natural resources are owned by the people as a whole and democratically managed by the people who work in them and use them. This would be a big change from the present corporate capitalist economy. The richest 1% of the population has half of all privately owned stock in U.S. corporations and controls most of theinstitutional stock. They control the policies of business, government, and the media. The capitalist economy starts out with competition for personal profit and ends up with huge monopolies which waste resources. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capitalist Economy- They don't care if they endanger the planet by making useless or even harmful products, so long as they make money. Under capitalism, millions of people are jobless, homeless, often hungry, and without proper medical care. Even those with decent jobs live with the fear of war, nuclear destruction, and environmental pollution of our food, air and water.

European Diplomatic History Essay

Introduction Different groups of people have different views about the First World War. For some, it was a crisis for the whole world whereas others say that it was the biggest historical crisis. Military differences which started from the year 1914 to the year 1918 led to the war against Russia and ultimately turned into a global war involving 32 nations. The Allied Forces comprised of twenty eight nations including France, Italy, Russia, United States, Great Britain, etc. It was a one side battle against the combined forces named Central Power having Turkey, Germany, Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary. Reasons for the First World War included strong nationalism that influenced Europe from 19th century to 20th century. The second important reason was competition among nations in their economic values. Rapid increment in armed forces especially after 1871 was another reason. Moreover, Germany came out as the great world power. The only idea behind the war was that people of same language, political ideas and culture should have an independent country. This idea of national self-determination was mostly ignored by the generations of rulers and forces who opposed the concept of self-determination and dominated the Congress of Vienna in the year 1815 to settle European affairs. Strong revolutions and nationalist movements over a few decades totally nullified congress policies when Belgium snatched independence from Netherlands in the year 1831. Revolutionary movements also played a vital role in the unification of Italy and Germany in the years 1861 and 1871 respectively. â€Å"The First World War was always known to Europeans and Americans as the Great War.† (McCarthy, pg 349) Young Turks Revolution In July 1908, Junior Officers of the Second and the Third Army who were placed in Macedonia and Edirne went against their officers and demanded restoration of the 1876 Ottoman constitution. These Young Turks were members of CUP (Committee of Union and Progress) and they began their rebellion. The resulting revolution changed the history of Turkey. In 1902 and 1907, Young Turks’ congresses were held in Paris in which two ideas emerged and built their groups eventually. Ahmet RÄ ±za was the leader of Young Turks and the son of a member in the first Ottoman parliament. His group supported the ideology of a secular nation for those Turks who were pursuing scientific advancement and reasonable progress of Europe. They were in support of nationalist economic policies and resisted American interference in Europe. The other group was in favor of Prince Sabahettin (member of the Ottoman dynasty). He was an economic, liberal Ottoman and wanted to establish a unified and multi religious empire. He believed in decentralization. He gave importance to foreign capital for the economic growth of the empire. He confessed the role of Islam in modernization of the Ottoman Empire.   â€Å"It would seem impossible one man could have so many different roles and carry out so many different functions which would normally require prolonged specialization, but this was possible in the early days of the Young Turks Revolution† (Karpat, pg 840). Young Turk liberals were in favor of the ideas of Prince Sabahettin. There were religious conservatives, including many ulema and dervish leaders, who argued that the revolution had fallen down from Shariah regime. A religious extremist organization called Muhammadan Union took troops of the First Army with groups of many other people for demonstrations in front of the parliament to restore Shariah and terminate unionist officers from the ministry. Liberals underestimated the intensity of religious anger against unionist and eventually found the whole situation uncontrollable due to which the Unionists fled. These kinds of violence and demonstrations took place in other parts of the empire too and thousands of Americans were killed. In Macedonia, the Unionists regrouped due to the CUP strength in the area and units of the Third Army regulated to take position outside Istanbul under the leadership of Commander Mahmud Åževket PaÅŸa. On 24 April 1909, they occupied the capital in an army action. Later on in the mid of May, the attempted counterrevolution came to an end due to public executions. After the elimination of the counterrevolution and before the ultimate defeat of the Ottomans in World War I in Oct. 1918, a reform was established by Young Turks. In this reform, they tried a complete transformation of the Ottoman society. â€Å"While it is difficult to speak of a major policy of Turki-fication in the Ottoman Empire in 1908, the Young Turks certainly envisioned such a policy and tried to implement it increasingly, especially after 1913†. (Sencer , pg 41). According to historians, during this period, CUP initiated many social, political and economic procedures which were followed later in the republican system of Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk. The international position of the empire went worse when Young Turks’ government fell in crisis. Their occupied province of Balkan and Herzegovina was annexed by the Aus-Hungarians. King Ferdinand of Bulgaria also confirmed its independence from the empire. â€Å"The unexpected success of the A. A. Brusilov’s offensive in 1916 be treated as the dying gasp of a ruined army, that the Caucasian Army’s brilliant campaigns against Turkey be regarded as irrelevant sideshows, and so on†. (Showalter, pg 161) Colonel SadÄ ±k and his group of young officers who called themselves â€Å"Savior Officers† combined against the CUP and forced the cabinet to resign. However, the government surrendered before the difficult foreign policy due to which Bulgaria and Serbia made defensive agreements to divide Macedonia. The First Balkan War began with an attack on Montenegro on Oct. 8, 1912 in which the Ottoman government struggled helplessly. By the start of November, Salonika, which was the home and the birth place of the revolution led by Young Turks, was taken by the Greek army. CUP officers under the leadership of Major Enver Bey wrongly believed that the cabinet is discussing options to surrender Edirne. Hence, they shot the Minister of War, Nizam Pasha, and forced Kamil Pasha to resign at gunpoint. Having full control, CUP tried to resolve the crisis and directed the government and the society on the modern transformation path. They took this process even though the war was still going on. They asked Mahmud Åževket PaÅŸa to become the Minister of War. On March 26, 1913 the Bulgarians successfully occupied Edirne and CUP was compelled to surrender the city of Edirne. Mahmud Åževket PaÅŸa was assassinated in Istanbul after a few days. On July 20th, the Ottoman Army, under the leadership of Major Enver Bey, fought back and successfully occupied Edirne and Eastern Thrace. CUP started a steady movement towards the reduction of legal boundaries of the Islamic Shariah. The responsibilities of religious institutions were taken over by three ministries. Shariah courts were handed over to the Ministry of Justice and religious colleges & Madrassahs were given to the Ministry of Education due to which Legal Reforms were codified after fifty years. According to the new family law, the magistrate conducted marriages and the minimum age of brides and grooms was decided as eighteen and twenty respectively. Women took part in nationalist clubs that were opened in Balkans and Anatolia â€Å"In 1908, the Young Turks’ movement faced the basic question: How to preserve, liberate, and consolidate Turkey? The same question stated in a new context had to be faced by Ataturk in 1918†. (Jackh, n.p.) The Balkan War appeared as an idea of a multinational Empire to Young Turks. People of the Empire even Muslims and Albanians preferred the nationalist approach to solve their problems. Non Muslim Businessmen, entrepreneurs and other people having some commercial value in the society had showed sympathy to the objective of the Balkan people. Therefore after 1913 Young Turks regime worked strongly on nationalist economic policy not only to ensure development of genuinely national industry, but also made efforts to freedom from crippling foreign restrictions on Ottoman finances. The Balkan War pushed Turkish nationalism ahead and CUP officially encouraged the association among Balkans, Anatolians and Turkish-speaking people. Besides Turkish nationalism, there were also different ideologies among Turks before World War I started. There were liberal and reactionary Islamic groups that organized on both local and national level. Other than those groups, there were government officials and other intellectuals who supported the westernization of the Ottoman Empire. These ideologies and approaches were not only seen in World War I but it also continued in postwar era. Turkey and World War I On Oct. 29th, 1914 Turkey entered in this great battle when it combined its warships with Germany at Russian Black Sea ports in a mutual naval bombardment. Soon after that on November 2nd, Russia officially declared war on Turkey. France and Great Britain joined hands with Russia against Turkey. The Turks started their attack on the Russian Caucasus area in December and succeeded easily. However, Turkish hold on that area was significantly reduced by the mid of the year 1915. The Turkish hold of the Russian Caucasus area encouraged the Russian government to divert Britain’s attention towards Turkey. â€Å"After the defeat in the World War Turkish nationalism still remained the only option, but the Turkish resistance movement led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later Atatà ¼rk) opted for Anatolian Turkish nationalism and rejected irredentist claims. (Karpat , pg 155)† Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton responded the Russian government’s call. In February, 1915 the Allied naval forces of Britain, France and Australia attacked the Turkish forts at Dardanelles but the strong Turkish resistance and the bad leadership of the Allied forces caused complete failure and their troops were called back from Dec. 1915 to Jan. 1916. Meanwhile, the British forces defeated the Turks in many battles in the Indian region during 1914 and 1915 including the major hold on Kut-al-Imara. In the Battle of Ctesiphon, the Turks succeeded in forcing the British forces to retreat from Kut-al-Imara in Iraq. However, In Feb 1917, General Stanley defeated the Turkish forces and captured Baghdad. Planning was started to beat the Turks and the British military operation in Palestine became strong in Middle East during the war. They used Egyptian logistic and strategic bases and supported Arabs to put up a fight against the Turks. General Allenby who commanded Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) started series of war campaigns with the support of Arab Allies in June 1917. Over the period of a year, they successfully destroyed the Turkish frontline. After the surrender, the Turkish government was controlled by the British authorities. The Paris Peace Conference, which was held to impose a resolution, decided to give the Arab and the Balkan provinces under one authority. It was also decided that the areas of predominant Turkish population like southern and eastern Anatolia will be controlled by the foreign forces. Anatolia was invaded by the large Greek army but mass killing of the Turkish population led Allies to stop their support to Greeks. In reaction of the whole situation, the Turkish nationalist movement began for peace settlement in the region. The movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk   during the Turkish War of Independence from 1918 to 1923 Kemal Atatà ¼rk successfully drove out occupation forces including Greeks, British, Italian and French. With these victories, the Turkish Republic was officially announced in the Year 1923. The First World War had very miserable effects on Turkey. The enforced signing of the Treaty of Serves was meant to divide the Turkish Empire. Turkey was compelled to agree on the terms of the Treaty of Serves. These terms included the French occupation of Syria & Lebanon. Iraq and Palestine came under the hold of England. Egypt was also controlled by the Britons. Saudi Arabia was also declared an independent state. This loss of Arabian Territories by the Ottoman Empire was considered an inevitable fact for them. Though the Treaty of Serves could not be implemented properly because Mustafa Kamal Pasha started the Turk Revolutionary movement also called (Turkish national movement) to regain Asia Minor (Anatolia) and the other city of Constantinople (Istanbul). The Turkish people progressively united under the leadership of Kamal Pasha and terminated the Treaty of Serves. The Treaty of Lausanne was the agreement that repalced the Treaty of Serves. The Turkish Revolution proceeded further to avoided the division of their Empire and to boost their Nationalist Movement. â€Å"The Lausanne Treaty was signed on 24 July 1923 by the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania, and the â€Å"Serbo-Croat-Slovene† State on one part and Turkey on the other.† (Lausanne Treaty, n.p.) The aim of the movement was to oppose the partition of the Ottoman Empire after the Armistice of Mudros in 1918 and to end the hostilities between the Allied forces and the Ottoman Empire due to which the Turkish Empire had been divided. The movement was also established to have an independent nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Turk Revolutionary Movement war mainly influenced by the Tanzimat reformation but it was not associated with Young Turk Movement which was established in the same period to keep the Ottoman State bounded togather. â€Å"THE Turkish Revolution began, in the formal sense, with the forcible overthrow of an old political order and the establishment of a new one in 1908.† (Lewis, pg 473) In reality, Turk revolutionaries were not the same kind of people who had similar minds and approaches. They differ with each other in their political and social ideas. They did not even communicate with each other but still they had one common idea which kept them togather which was to have sovereignty. Turks Nationalist Movement under Mustafa Kemal The First World War ended and Ottoman troops were forced to demobilize and disarm except for the purpose of policing. Prisoners of War were freed and military personnel of Austrian-Hungarian and Germany were given two months’ time to leave the Empire. In November 1918, Sultan Mehmed VI, who had succeeded to the throne in July, dissolved the parliament and decided to crush the Young Turks whom he held responsible for the defeat of the Turkish Empire. On 1 January 1919, he opened court martial proceedings against Enver, Talat, and other leading Young Turk officials. He appointed his brother-in-law, Damad Ferid Pasha, Grand Vezir (Grand minister), a position he was to hold for much of the next two years in several different cabinets. He also adopted a stance of cooperation with the conditions of the armistice in order to gain a reasonable peace settlement. The Allies thought that Ottomans must accept dictated peace for there empire. They also had problems on the peace terms associated with Germany. This situation happened because of their conflicting promises to each other regarding postwar distribution of the Ottoman lands. They hoped that United States would take responsibility in the protection and the support of the League of Nations. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson refused to deliver his support to the League of Nations to command over Straits, Istanbul and other six provinces of the empire, where a huge number of Americans were living. On the other hand, most of the Anatolians started to resist against the commanding authorities from the very beginning. They formed an embryonic resistance movement in Anatolia consisting on partisan fighting units and local councils. According to the existing plane laid in Dardanelles campaign earlier, they shipped out their armaments and supplies before leaving the country. CUP founded the National Guards called Karakol before the end of the war, looked after guerilla activities and founded local societies for the defense of rights. In 1934, â€Å"Turks are ordered to take family names. Parliament grants Mustafa Kemal the surname of Ataturk. Women given the right to vote.† (Chronology, pg 341) Karakol helped smuggle Unionist workers out of Istanbul. But that movement was suffering strong leadership. They took an important decision for the Turkish history and group heads of Karakol contacted Mustafa Kemal Pasha known as Atatà ¼rk. Kemal Pasha, who was the founder of Turkish Nationalist Movement, was born in 1881 in Salonika. He graduated in 1904 from the War College in Istanbul. In 1906, Atatruk founded the secret opposition group in Damascus. He took part in Young Turks revolution after his transfer to the Third Army in Macedonia. He was also an active member in the â€Å"Action Army† of Mahmud Åževket Pasha. He participated in the Balkan War in 1911 after which he was posted in Sofia. He was promoted to the rank of Brigadier and Pasha after his courageous efforts in Gallipoli in the First World War. He supervised the Ottoman retreat as a Commander on the Syrian front during the last month of the war. Karakols wanted Kemal Pasha to lead them because they knew his commitment to the CUP and that he had no private connections to the politics of Talat and Enver at the time of the war. The Sultan’s government requested him to go to Anatolia to strengthen the Ottoman troops there. He was titled Inspector of the Third Army and assigned eastern Anatolia with broad authority. In the meanwhile, Entente powers landed the Greek army at Izmir for the enforcement of armistice in Western Anatolia. The Greek forces started their invasion of Western Anatolia. Mustafa Kemal Pasha went to Samsun and immediately contacted the local leaders of the Nationalist Group in Eastern Anatolia through telegraph. He established good relationships with the Commander of the Ninth Army, Kà ¢zim Pasha. With the collaboration of two staff officers Refet Bey and Hà ¼seyin Rauf Bey, Kemal Pasha and Kà ¢zim Pasha prepared a memorandum and distributed it to the Nationalist Group based in Eastern Anatolia. In June 1919, â€Å"Amasya Declaration† denounced the capability of the sultan’s government to defend the area. Therefore, the local people had to defend themselves without any official support. Before the meeting of the National Congress in Erzurum in July, the sultan’s government called back Mustafa Kemal to Istanbul. The sultan relieved Kemal from his command. The National Pact was the first document that came out at the Erzurm congress. This pact was based on six articles. In this document, it was decided that there would be an independent nation with no foreign mandate. It claimed back the former Ottoman territories except where Turks already were in command. Because of the foreign powers, citizens had sacrificed their extraterritorial right and special privileges to minorities were never ensured. The nation would prefer assistance from any power from its own empire. Three weeks later, at the Second National Congress in Sivas, Erzurum declaration was endorsed and expanded due to which the sultan was freed from receiving the blame for the current national crisis and his advisors were blamed for the happening. In Istanbul, there was an ongoing demonstration against the foreign influence and the Greek offensiveness and it had full support of the nationalists. Addresses to the mass rally were getting success in the Turk population. Karakol was sending assistance to the nationalists by recruiting members for the revolution. The city was growing up with thousands of refugees from Balkan and Anatolia. Relief workers got confused when they saw families reunite, arrangements for minor orphans, the returning of demobilized soldiers, and the facilities for the disabled war veterans. The Nationalist Movement won in the elections in the Ottoman parliament which were held after the war. It took majority of the seats. In December, the headquarters of the Nationalist Resistance were moved to the Anatolian town of Ankara. Mustafa Kemal wanted to have a new parliament there but a majority of the deputies wanted to stay in Istanbul and disagreed with Kemal. In Jan.1920, the parliament was opened in Istanbul and by the mid of Feb, the National Pact was adopted. The British Army occupied Istanbul on the 16th of March and arrested several nationalists. Many nationalists hid or made their way back to Anatolia to join the nationalists again. In the elections held for the first postwar Ottoman parliament, sympathizers of the Nationalist Movement won majority of the seats. Among them were Hà ¼seyin Rauf and Dr. Adnan AdÄ ±var. As the parliament prorogued itself in April, the nationalists were denounced as false representatives of the nation by Damad Ferid Pasha. They were even pronounced enemies of the faith and their demise was looked at as a duty of Muslims. A small army emerged to fight the nationalists in April next month. Mustafa Kemal was declared guilty of treason in absentia and was sentenced to death through court martial. Meanwhile, ninety two members fled from the Ottoman parliament to Ankara and thirty two representatives of the Defense of the National Rights along with the members of the parliament constituted the first nationalist parliament also called Grand National Assembly or Great Assembly of the Nation. War of Independence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the government of Sultan Mehmed VI accepted the Treaty of Sà ¨vres on 10th August 1920, the Ottoman Empire was divided and was given under different foreign command. The Treaty was completely unacceptable to the revolutionary nationalists. At the end of September 1920, Turkish nationalists under Kà ¢zim Pasha’s command advanced from Erzurum to SarÄ ±kamÄ ±Ã…Ÿ. The advancement of the Turkish army and Bolshevik’s coup against the Armenian government in Yerevan ended the possibility of an independent Armenia in Eastern Anatolia. The Britons refused to consider any military action against Turk nationalists to impose the peace terms in the region. Italy and France had already started to develop an understanding with the nationalists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the 10th of January 1921, the nationalists defeated the Greeks. Now the international situation slightly shifted in the favor of the nationalists. The Peas Treaty had broken quickly. The Italians and the French concluded arrangements with the nationalists separately to withdraw their influence from Anatolia. These successes brought precious moments for the nationalists. The Turkish people faced a defining moment to their own destiny. The government in Ankara granted extraordinary authority to Mustafa Kemal, who personally commanded the army for three months. A long battle was fought in August and September 1921 on the Sakarya River and Mustafa Kemal & the nationalist forces won the war. After a month, a peace conference was held in Lausanne, Switzerland. Ismet Bey, who led the Turkish delegation, proved his capabilities to be an effective spokesman. A peace treaty was finally concluded in July 1923 known as â€Å"The Treaty of Lausanne† which confirmed the Turkish nationalists’ military victory. â€Å"The state continues to teach that the Republic is based on the secular principles of Atatà ¼rk† (Shank-land, pg 65) the Turkish nationalists got back Eastern Thrace and the whole of Anatolia. The Turkish people finally found their independent country under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Works Cited Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, Oxford University Press, London, 1961. Page Number: 473. David Shank-land – The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition, RoutledgeCurzon, New York, 2003. Page Number: 65. Kemal H. Karpat, Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History, Brill, Boston, 2002, Page Number: 840 Robin Higham – Dennis E. Showalter, Researching World War I, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. 2003. Page Number: 161. Justin McCarthy, The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923, Longman, London 1997. Page Number: 349. Emre Sencer, Balkan Nationalisms in the Ottoman Parliament 1909, East Europe, 2004, Page Number: 41+ Chronology, Journal of International Affairs, Columbia, 2000 Page Number: 341. Lausanne Treaty http://www.hri.org/docs/lausanne/ Accessed April 10, 2007 Kemal H. Karpat, Ottoman Past and Today’s Turkey, Brill, Boston, 2002, Page Number: 155. Ernest Jackh. The Rising Crescent: Turkey Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Farrar & Rinehart New York, 1944 Page Number: 89.